THE IMPACT OF LAND USE AND LAND COVER (LULC) CHANGE ON WATER RESOURCES AND ITS IMPLICATION FOR SMALLHOLDER FARMERS IN RWANDA. A CASE STUDY OF LAKE CYOHOHA NORTH (2013-2023)

Abstract

This study investigates the impact of land use and land cover (LULC) changes on Lake Cyohoha and their implications for smallholder farmers in Rwanda. Specifically, it examines the driving factors behind these changes from 2013 to 2023, assesses the extent of the changes, and evaluates their effects on local farmers. Results indicate that primary drivers of LULC change include infrastructure and agricultural expansion, influenced by political, economic, technological, demographic, environmental, and cultural factors. In 2013, the catchment was predominantly agricultural, covering 60.3% of the area (4,694.9 ha), while water bodies accounted for 30.3% (2,358.87 ha), residential areas for 8.2% (632.5 ha), and healthy vegetation for 1.2% (97.5 ha). By 2023, agriculture had increased to 73.5% (5,721.9 ha), while water bodies and residential areas had decreased, showing substantial transformation. These findings underscore the need for sustainable LULC practices to support ecological balance and protect smallholder farmers' livelihoods in the Lake Cyohoha region."