The impact of International Interferences with Leadershipin Chad (2005-2023)

Abstract

The study is about the impact of international interferences with governance in Chad (20052023). It analyzes how international interferences have influenced governance in Chad, focusing on the role of external factors in shaping political stability and governance dynamics. The research assesses the involvement of neighboring countries, regional organizations, and global powers, examining the effects on Chad‟s governance structures, institutions, rule of law, transparency, and political stability. Chad‟s governance has been profoundly influenced by external actors, including Sudan, Libya, and the Central African Republic, which contribute to regional challenges like refugee crises and cross-border conflicts. Regional organizations such as the African Union (AU) and the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS), along with global powers like France, the United States, and China, play significant roles through conflict mediation, economic investments, military support, and development aid, creating a complex political and economic environment. The study finds that international interference has significantly shaped Chad‟s governance institutions, improving capacity but also introducing dependencies and misalignments with local needs. This undermines sovereignty and complicates governance, particularly in areas like rule of law and transparency. Political stability in Chad is also heavily influenced by external support. While backing from France and the U.S. has aided regime continuity, such as in the rise of Mahamat Déby, it has also heightened internal divisions and increased the risk of coups and unrest. M Finally, the research highlights that foreign aid and conditional reforms, particularly from the IMF and World Bank, often lead to internal tensions, complicating governance improvements despite intentions to bolster stability